Conclusion of Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease

The growing body of evidence supporting the beneficial effects of physical activity on Alzheimer's disease highlights its potential as a powerful intervention for both prevention and management. Regular physical activity not only reduces the risk of developing AD but also plays a crucial role in slowing the progression of cognitive decline in those already diagnosed with the disease. Key to this benefit is the role of PA in enhancing neuroplasticity, improving vascular health, and reducing neuroinflammation—factors all linked to the development and progression of AD. Studies have shown that even modest amounts of physical activity can increase the size of brain regions critical for memory and cognitive function, making it a crucial aspect of brain health at all ages.

For individuals at higher genetic risk, such as those carrying the APOE4 allele, engaging in regular PA may provide even more significant benefits, suggesting that lifestyle factors may interact with genetic predispositions to alter the course of cognitive decline. In contrast, the lack of consistent findings with work-related or commuting physical activities highlights the importance of engaging in leisure-time activities that provide not just physical but also social and cognitive stimulation. These multifaceted effects likely work together to provide broader brain health benefits.

Physical activity also offers a wide range of additional health benefits beyond cognitive function. It improves cardiovascular health, helps maintain a healthy weight, reduces the risk of diabetes, and has positive effects on mood and overall well-being. These benefits extend to all stages of life, though midlife seems to be particularly important for establishing a foundation of physical activity that can protect against AD later on. The cumulative benefits of PA throughout the lifespan can reduce the overall burden of AD on individuals and society and contribute to healthier aging.

As we move forward, the need to integrate physical activity into both preventive and therapeutic strategies for AD. Public health policies should prioritize access to safe, enjoyable, and sustainable PA programs for older adults, especially those at higher risk for dementia. While the evidence for PA's protective effects is robust, its role in AD prevention and treatment still warrants further exploration, particularly in understanding the molecular mechanisms and optimal types of activity. Ultimately, promoting regular PA as part of a healthy lifestyle is an essential step toward mitigating the impact of Alzheimer’s disease on the aging population, improving quality of life, and supporting healthy aging.