The benefits of PA on brain health are multifaceted, influencing neuroplasticity, molecular pathways, and vascular health. Neuroimaging studies consistently show that PA increases the size of brain regions involved in memory and cognition, particularly the hippocampus. Functional improvements in brain activity, especially in frontal and hippocampal regions, have also been observed with regular PA.
At the molecular level, PA promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fostering neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. It also reduces amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, a hallmark of AD pathology, and increases levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal integrity.
Additionally, PA addresses vascular risk factors like hypertension and diabetes, which are linked to AD development. It also reduces systemic and neuroinflammation, thereby countering one of the key drivers of neurodegeneration. Evidence from studies such as the Zaguán University research highlights PA's potential to enhance mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress, both critical for maintaining cognitive health.
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